THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MARRIED WOMEN'S LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION: A MICRODATA ANALYSIS FROM SAKERNAS

Authors

  • Axellina Muara Setyanti Brawijaya University
  • Firdaus Finuliyah Brawijaya University

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37478/als.v14i2.4575

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the effect of human capital on the tendency of married women to enter the labor market. With 149,508 samples from the National Labor Force Survey, this study uses a binary logistic regression analysis technique with several modifications to grouping samples based on rural – urban categories, and types of work. This study found that in general observation, the tendency to work increased in the group of women with higher education (diploma and university) although not significantly. The same thing was also found in both the rural and urban classifications. Furthermore, in the classification based on the type of work, only in the type of work employees/staff/laborers of secondary and higher education both increase the tendency to work. Women with higher education were found to be more likely to work after marriage, indicated by a higher odds ratio than women with secondary education. The same effect was not found in the type of work self-employed, casual workers, or family workers. The findings of this study imply that on average to the secondary level, education does not affect the participation of married women in the labor market in Indonesia, but only in higher education and formal employment.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Keywords:

Human capital, Female labor participation, Labor market

References

Aditina, N., & Sugiharti, L. (2019). The Effect of Internet Technology on Women’s Decision to Work at Home. Jurnal Economia, 15(2), 209–220.

Agarwal, B. (1994). Gender and command over property: A critical gap in economic analysis and policy in South Asia. World Development, 22(10), 1455–1478.

Ahmed, R., & Hyndman-Rizk, N. (2020). The higher education paradox: Towards improving women’s empowerment, agency development and labour force participation in Bangladesh. Gender and Education, 32(4), 447–465.

Anggadwita, G., Luturlean, B. S., Ramadani, V., & Ratten, V. (2017). Socio-cultural environments and emerging economy entrepreneurship: Women entrepreneurs in Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies.

Anggraeni, N. . (2015). Determinan Alokasi Waktu Bekerja Perempuan Menikah di Indonesia. Universitas Indonesia.

Assaad, R., Hendy, R., Lassassi, M., & Yassin, S. (2020). Explaining the MENA paradox: Rising educational attainment, yet stagnant female labor force participation. Demographic Research, 43, 817.

Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education. In NBER. University of Chicago Press.

Becker, G. S., Hubbard, W. H. J., & Murphy, K. M. (2010). Explaining the worldwide boom in higher education of women. Journal of Human Capital, 4(3), 203–241.

Becker, S. O., & Woessmann, L. (2019). How Luther’s quest for education changed German economic history: 9+ 5 theses on the effects of the Protestant Reformation. Advances in the Economics of Religion, 215–227.

ertrand, M., Cortés, P., Olivetti, C., & Pan, J. (2016). Social norms, labor market opportunities, and the marriage gap for skilled women. National Bureau of Economic Research.

Blau, F. D., & Kahn, L. M. (2017). The gender wage gap: Extent, trends, and explanations. Journal of Economic Literature, 55(3), 789–865.

Bunsaman, S. M., & Taftazani, B. M. (2018). Peranan Perempuan Dalam Meningkatkan Kesejahteraan Ekonomi Keluarga (Studi Tentang Peranan Petugas K3L Perempuan Universitas Padjadjaran Jatinangor (Zona: Rektorat)). Prosiding Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 146–157.

Cameron, L., Suarez, D. C., & Rowell, W. (2020). Female labour force participation in Indonesia: Why has it stalled. Achieving Inclusive Growth in the Asia Pacific, 241.

Chang, S. (2020). Chinese Women, Marriage and Gender: exploring the idea of women and marriage over time in the context of China.

Chattier, P. (2013). Does schooling and work empower women in Fiji? Or have gender inequalities persisted and why? Global Change, Peace & Security, 25(1), 61–76.

Cortes, G. M., Jaimovich, N., & Siu, H. E. (2018). The" end of men" and rise of women in the high-skilled labor market. National Bureau of Economic Research.

D’Costa, S. (2024). Re-evaluating the urban wage premium: the changing roles of geographical and job transitions for women and men1, 2. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 104038.

Dildar, Y. (2015). Patriarchal norms, religion, and female labor supply: Evidence from Turkey. World Development, 76, 40–61.

Ebenezer, M., Samuel, A., & Sanusi, G. P. (2021). Effectiveness of fiscal federalism for poverty reduction in Nigeria: an analysis of federal and state governments’ expenditures. SN Business & Economics, 1(9), 1–19.

Efendi, F., Sebayang, S. K., Astutik, E., Reisenhofer, S., & McKenna, L. (2023). Women’s empowerment and contraceptive use: Recent evidence from ASEAN countries. PloS One, 18(6), e0287442.

Etim, E., & Daramola, O. (2020). The informal sector and economic growth of South Africa and Nigeria: A comparative systematic review. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 134.

Fincher, L. H. (2016). Leftover women: The resurgence of gender inequality in China. Bloomsbury Publishing.

Gammage, S., Sultana, N., & Glinski, A. (2020). Reducing vulnerable employment: Is there a role for reproductive health, social protection, and labor market policy? Feminist Economics, 26(1), 121–153.

Goyal, P., & Yadav, V. (2014). To be or not to be a woman entrepreneur in a developing country. Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management, 2(2), 68–78.

Han, J.-S., & Lee, J.-W. (2020). Demographic change, human capital, and economic growth in Korea. Japan and the World Economy, 53, 100984.

Kabeer, N. (2021). Gender equality, inclusive growth, and labour markets. In Women’s Economic Empowerment (pp. 13–48). Routledge.

Kapadia-Kundu, N., Tamene, H., Ayele, M., Dana, F., Heliso, S., Velu, S., Berhanu, T., Alemayehu, G., Leslie, L., & Kaufman, M. (2022). Applying a gender lens to social norms, couple communication and decision making to increase modern contraceptive use in Ethiopia, a mixed methods study. Reproductive Health, 19(Suppl 1), 138.

King, E., Klasen, S., Porter, M., & Lomborg, B. (2009). Gender and Development. Global Crises, Global Solutions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Klasen, S. (2019). What explains uneven female labor force participation levels and trends in developing countries? The World Bank Research Observer, 34(2), 161–197.

Klasen, S., Le, T. T. N., Pieters, J., & Santos Silva, M. (2021). What drives female labour force participation? Comparable micro-level evidence from eight developing and emerging economies. The Journal of Development Studies, 57(3), 417–442.

Le, K., & Nguyen, M. (2021). How education empowers women in developing countries. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 21(2), 511–536.

Lentz, C. (2020). Doing being middle-class in the global South: comparative perspectives and conceptual challenges. Africa, 90(3), 439–469.

Maier, F. (2002). Women’s Work and Economic Development. In Gender and Work in Transition (pp. 83–91). Springer.

Majlesi, K. (2016). Labor market opportunities and women’s decision making power within households. Journal of Development Economics, 119, 34–47.

Mammen, K., & Paxson, C. (2000). Women’s work and economic development. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 14(4), 141–164.

Meria, A., Hasnah, R., Hakim, L., Amelia, R., & Nursa, R. A. (2023). The Role of Gender-Responsive PTKIS in Women’s Career Development. TSAQAFAH, 19(1), 157–188.

Petrongolo, B., & Ronchi, M. (2020). Gender gaps and the structure of local labor markets. Labour Economics, 64, 101819.

Psacharopoulos, G., & Patrinos, H. A. (2018). Returns to investment in education: a decennial review of the global literature. Education Economics, 26(5), 445–458.

Rizky, J., & Santoso, M. B. (2018). Faktor pendorong ibu bekerja sebagai K3L Unpad. Prosiding Penelitian Dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat, 5(2), 158–164.

Rohman, A. (2013). Does Education Empower the Indonesian Women? Rohman, Arif.(2013). Does Education Empower the Indonesian Women, 212–217.

Samarakoon, S., & Parinduri, R. A. (2015). Does education empower women? Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 66, 428–442.

Schaner, S., & Das, S. (2016). Female labor force participation in Asia: Indonesia country study. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series, 474.

Silliman, J. (1996). A Field of One’s Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. JSTOR.

Sulaeman, A. S., & Silvia, V. (2019). Pendapatan Asli Daerah, Transfer Daerah, Dan Belanja Modal, Pengaruhnya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Regional Di Indonesia. Jurnal Aplikasi Akuntansi, 4(1), 97–112.

Susiana, S. (2019). Pelindungan hak pekerja perempuan dalam perspektif feminisme. Aspirasi: Jurnal Masalah-Masalah Sosial, 8(2), 207–221.

Suwarno, P. (2019). Equality in education and employment for sustainable development of diverse Indonesia: Enhancing equal opportunity, volunteerism, and philanthropy. 1st Non-Formal Education International Conference, 1–8.

Thomas, R., Cooper, M., Cardazone, G., Urban, K., Bohrer, A., Long, M., Yee, L., Krivkovich, A., Huang, J., & Prince, S. (2020). Women in the workplace 2020. New York: McKinsey & Company.

Verick, S. (2014). Female labor force participation in developing countries. IZA World of Labor.

Williams, T. M., & Wolniak, G. C. (2020). Unpacking the “female advantage” in the career and economic impacts of college. The Wiley Handbook of Gender Equity in Higher Education, 5–28.

World Bank. (2019). ADAPTING SKILLS TRAINING TO ADDRESS CONSTRAINTS TO WOMEN’S PARTICIPATION.

Xiao, S., & Asadullah, M. N. (2020). Social norms and gender differences in labor force participation in China. Feminist Economics, 26(4), 114–148.

Yadav, V., Unni, J., Naik, R., & Dutta, S. (2022). Gender differentials in entrepreneurship: insights from a multi-method study. The Journal of Entrepreneurship, 31(1), 30–64.

Yeboah, F. K., & Jayne, T. S. (2020). Africa’s evolving employment trends. In The Transformation of Rural Africa (pp. 27–56). Routledge.

Yuniati, M. (2019). Profil Tenaga Kerja Perempuan Berdasarkan Umur, Tingkat Pendidikan, Sektor Formal, Informal Di Provinsi NTB Tahun 2016–2018 Beserta Analisis Ekonominya. Jurnal Bina Ilmiah. Mataram NTB, 13(12).

Downloads

Published

2024-09-01

How to Cite

Setyanti, A. M., & Finuliyah, F. (2024). THE ROLE OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN MARRIED WOMEN’S LABOR MARKET PARTICIPATION: A MICRODATA ANALYSIS FROM SAKERNAS. ANALISIS, 14(2), 233-251. https://doi.org/10.37478/als.v14i2.4575