Optimization of Eco-Enzyme Utilization for Improving Water Quality of the Badung River in Denpasar

Vonny A  Susanta; Edwin Edwin

doi:10.37478/abdika.v6i1.7682

Authors

Vonny A Susanta Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Kingdom Bali, Denpasar, Indonesia
Edwin Edwin Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Kingdom Bali, Denpasar, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.37478/abdika.v6i1.7682

Abstract

This community service program aims to optimize the utilization of eco-enzyme as an environmentally friendly solution to improve the water quality of the Badung River in Denpasar. The program was designed using a participatory approach that involved local communities at all stages, including problem identification, training, implementation, and evaluation. Eco-enzyme was produced from organic household waste such as fruit and vegetable peels through a fermentation process, and subsequently applied to selected points of the river. The results of the program indicate that the application of eco-enzyme contributed to gradual improvements in water quality, particularly in reducing unpleasant odors, decreasing turbidity, and stabilizing pH levels. In addition, the program successfully enhanced community awareness and participation in environmental conservation, as reflected in improved waste management practices and reduced direct disposal of organic waste into the river. The participatory method also fostered a sense of responsibility and sustainability among community members. Despite its positive outcomes, the effectiveness of eco-enzyme application is influenced by factors such as dosage, consistency of use, and the level of existing pollution. Therefore, continuous implementation and community engagement are essential to achieve long-term impact. Overall, this program demonstrates that the use of eco-enzymes can be a practical, low-cost, and sustainable approach to improving urban river water quality.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Keywords:

Eco-enzyme, Water quality, Badung river, Community participation, Environmental management

References

Adetunji, C. O., Mathew, J. T., Inobeme, A., Okanlawon, T., Olaniyan, O. T., Ghazanfar, S., & Dauda, W. (2023). Application of biosensors for detection and monitoring of water quality. In Organic and Inorganic Materials Based Sensors (Vols. 3–3). https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527834266.ch46

Adom, R. K., & Simatele, M. D. (2024). Overcoming systemic and institutional challenges in policy implementation in South Africa’s water sector. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-024-01040-3

Agbasi, J. C., & Egbueri, J. C. (2022). Assessment of PTEs in water resources by integrating HHRISK code, water quality indices, multivariate statistics, and ANNs. Geocarto International, 37(25), 10407 – 10433. https://doi.org/10.1080/10106049.2022.2034990

Agustin, R., & Widyaningrum, D. (2026). From organic waste to eco-enzyme: A systematic review of raw materials, antibacterial activity, and applications. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1580(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1580/1/012021

Al-Astani Tengku Din, T. A. D., Samsuri, A. A., Farid, A. S., Zin, N. S. M., Alias, I. Z., & Arafat, H. M. (2025). Eco Enzymes: Applications in Human, Animal, and Environmental Health. Israa University Journal of Applied Science, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.52865/krlq3719

Altowayti, W. A. H., Shahir, S., Othman, N., Eisa, T. A. E., Yafooz, W. M. S., Al-Dhaqm, A., Soon, C. Y., Yahya, I. B., Che Rahim, N. A. N. binti, Abaker, M., & Ali, A. (2022). The Role of Conventional Methods and Artificial Intelligence in the Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Processes, 10(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr10091832

Ananga, E. O., Agong’, S. G., Acheampong, M., Njoh, A. J., & Hayombe, P. (2020). Examining the effect of community participation on beneficiary satisfaction with the work of water management committee in urban community-based operated water schemes. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-020-00408-5

Anas, A. K., Maryono, & Purnaweni, H. (2023). Community participation in waste management in abrasion areas. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1268(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1268/1/012028

Angriani, P., Sumarmi, Ruja, I. N., & Bachri, S. (2019). Local community-based river management: A case study of Kuin river, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan – Indonesia. Ecology, Environment and Conservation, 25(1), 82 – 93. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85080905078&partnerID=40&md5=998d9813a014862b7cd80cddb35af83f

Anh, N. T., Can, L. D., Nhan, N. T., Schmalz, B., & Luu, T. Le. (2023). Influences of key factors on river water quality in urban and rural areas: A review. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100424

Aqel, H., Sannan, N., Al-Hunaiti, A., & Fodah, R. (2024). Integrated water quality dynamics in Wadi Hanifah: Physical, chemical, and biological perspectives. PLOS ONE, 19(2 February). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298200

Aralu, C. C., Okoye, P. A. C., Abugu, H. O., Ochiagha, K. E., & Egbueri, J. C. (2024). Evaluating the seasonal variations of risks associated with potentially toxic elements in underground water sources near a dumpsite in Awka, Nigeria. Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, 15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2024.100440

Ashong, G. W., Kwaansa-Ansah, E. E., Ababio, B. A., Yagra, E. A., & Antwi, G. (2025). Pollution profiling and quality assessment of Bonsa River, Tarkwa Nsuaem, Ghana; toxic element, ecotoxicology, health risk assessment, and multivariate analysis. Environmental Challenges, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2024.101078

Assegide, E., Alamirew, T., Bayabil, H., Dile, Y. T., Tessema, B., & Zeleke, G. (2022). Impacts of Surface Water Quality in the Awash River Basin, Ethiopia: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Water, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/frwa.2021.790900

Barbosa, M. C., Alam, K., & Mushtaq, S. (2016). Water policy implementation in the state of São Paulo, Brazil: Key challenges and opportunities. Environmental Science and Policy, 60, 11 – 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.02.017

Barman, I., Hazarika, S., Gogoi, J., & Talukdar, N. (2022). A Systematic Review on Enzyme Extraction from Organic Wastes and its Application. Journal of Biochemical Technology, 13(3), 32 – 37. https://doi.org/10.51847/JVfUPnKi16

Candraningrum, D. (2025). Bengawan Solo Riwayatmu Kini: Reading River Pollutants through Women’s Eyes as a Decolonizing Act. In Religion, Decolonization, and the Planetary Community: Voices from the Indonesian Archipelago (pp. 89–103). https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003527398-8

Ciawi, Y., Padilla, P. M. D., & Yekti, M. I. (2022). The strategy of Tukad Badung pollution control using QUAL2Kw and AHP. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1117(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012071

Cong, D., Liu, J., Yu, S., Wu, P., & Qin, M. (2025). Assessment of Anthropogenic Impacts on Water Quality and Microbial Communities in the Heilongjiang Maolan Gou National Nature Reserve. Microbial Ecology, 88(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-025-02645-7

Damseth, S., Thakur, K., Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Mahajan, D., Kumari, H., Sharma, D., & Sharma, A. K. (2024). Assessing the impacts of river bed mining on aquatic ecosystems: A critical review of effects on water quality and biodiversity. HydroResearch, 7, 122 – 130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2024.01.004

Diniz, E. V. (2018). Hydrologic and water quality comparisons of runoff from porous and conventional pavements. In Integrated Stormwater Management. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351073752

Eschenbach, E. A., Zagona, E., & Grantz, K. (2006). Water resources planning and management curriculum incorporating RiverWare. Operating Reservoirs in Changing Conditions - Proceedings of the Operations Management 2006 Conference, 2006, 432 – 440. https://doi.org/10.1061/40875(212)43

Faisal, M., Mulana, F., Gani, A., & Daimon, H. (2015). Physical and chemical properties of wastewater discharged from Tofu industries in Banda Aceh city, Indonesia. Research Journal of Pharmaceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 6(4), 1053–1058. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84937915647&partnerID=40&md5=01c89689cbcfba7693d8601ec11c59e4

Galintin, O., Rasit, N., & Hamzah, S. (2021). Production and characterization of eco enzyme produced from fruit and vegetable wastes and its influence on the aquaculture sludge. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 11(3), 10205 – 10214. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC113.1020510214

Genthe, B., Le Roux, W. J., Schachtschneider, K., Oberholster, P. J., Aneck-Hahn, N. H., & Chamier, J. (2013). Health risk implications from simultaneous exposure to multiple environmental contaminants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 93, 171 – 179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.03.032

Giakoumis, T., & Voulvoulis, N. (2018). Progress with monitoring and assessment in the wfd implementation in five european river basins: Significant differences but similar problems. European Journal of Environmental Sciences, 8(1), 44 – 50. https://doi.org/10.14712/23361964.2018.7

Glinskiene, R., & Daraškevi?iute, B. (2006). Investment into water management in Lithuania. Research for Rural Development, 58 – 63. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-84907030004&partnerID=40&md5=568a041bbadab02fc66b51dcda837b76

Gómez, M. M., Aguinaga, D. L., Olivera, C. C., Paredes, M. R., Mendivil, V. T., & Benites-Alfaro, E. (2023). Reduction of Organic Matter and Bacteria in Surface Waters of the Huatanay River using Chitosan Nanoparticles. Chemical Engineering Transactions, 101, 67–72. https://doi.org/10.3303/CET23101012

Gourbesville, P., & Ma, Q. (2022). Smart river management: What is next? River, 1(1), 37 – 46. https://doi.org/10.1002/rvr2.13

Harmayani, K. D., Baskhara, I. G. A. G. W., Jaya, N. M. P., Widhiawati, I. A. R., Nagai, M., Mahendra, D. R., Hutagalung, D. S. F., Supriyani, N. D., Wiratama, P. A. A., & Satyawati, K. L. (2025). The effectiveness of laboratory-scale hybrid constructed wetland wastewater treatment plant model in treating wastewater in the Tukad Badung River, Denpasar, Bali. Ecological Engineering and Environmental Technology, 26(6), 205 – 214. https://doi.org/10.12912/27197050/204179

Harmayani, K. D., Jaya, N. M. P., Widhiawati, I. A. R., Parahita, I. G. A. A., Wiryananda, N. G. A. K., Supriyani, N. N. D., Mahendra, D. R., Baskhara, I. G. A. G. W., & Hutagalung, D. S. F. (2023). Assessment of Surface Water Quality Status Using the Pollution Index Method in Tukad Badung River. Jurnal Presipitasi, 20(1), 175 – 185. https://doi.org/10.14710/presipitasi.v20i1.175-185

Hastuti, S. P., Sucahyo, Cahyaningrum, D. C., & Nugroho, R. A. (2025). Home-made and commercial eco-enzymes alter plankton communities and water chemistry in Rawa Pening Lake, Central Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas, 26(8), 3843 – 3854. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d260816

Jha, S., & Siddiqui, N. (2023). Municipal wastewater as potential bio-refinery. In Biorefinery for Water and Wastewater Treatment. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20822-5_5

Khurun’in, I., Simarmata, D. P., & Yudilastiantoro, C. (2024). Community-led Initiatives for Water Resource Management in Sumenep Regency, Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 14(4), 675–683. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.14.4.675

Kusin, F. M., Joni, A. A. M., Yusuff, F. M., & Hasan, S. N. M. S. (2019). Evaluating capacity building of the local community towards environmental conservation in an estuarine community, kong kong laut, johor. Planning Malaysia, 17(2), 101 – 111. https://doi.org/10.21837/pmjournal.v17.i10.632

Lamprom, W., Jotaworn, S., Iamsomboon, N., Hussadin, A., Siramaneerat, I., & Pongput, N. (2025). Circular economy and community participation in Chao Phraya river Conservation: Evidence from Thai urban riverside communities. Cleaner and Responsible Consumption, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clrc.2025.100299

Lestari, H. A., Samawi, M. F., Faizal, A., Moore, A. M., & Jompa, J. (2021). Physical and Chemical Parameters of Estuarine Waters around South Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 53(3), 373–387. https://doi.org/10.22146/IJG.67831

Mandal, R. R., Bashir, Z., & Raj, D. (2025). Microbe-assisted phytoremediation for sustainable management of heavy metal in wastewater - A green approach to escalate the remediation of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Management, 375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124199

Maneewan, C., & Van Roon, M. (2017). Challenges in implementing integrated catchment management and sustainable stormwater solutions in Bangkok, Thailand. Water Practice and Technology, 12(4), 780 – 789. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.085

Musa, M., Arsad, S., Mahmudi, M., Lusiana, E. D., Agharid, N. K., Darmayanti, S., & Prasetiya, F. S. (2021). Does water quality affect the plankton dynamics and the specific growth rate of litopenaeus vannamei? Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(5), 4131–4141. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/129687

Oki, K., He, B., & Oki, T. (2012). Mapping potential annual pollutant loads in river basins using remotely sensed imagery. In Environmental Remote Sensing and Systems Analysis. https://doi.org/10.1201/b11702

Panigrahi, B., Verma, A. K., & Dash, A. K. (2025). Bioremediation strategies in wastewater treatment and their benefits over physical and chemical methods. In Decarbonization of Wastewater Pollutants as a Sustainable Solution: Developments in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-33062-9.00017-5

Parwita, I. G. L. M., Dharma, I. G. B. S., Yekti, M. I., Pariartha, I. P. G. S., & Tarigan, Z. J. H. (2024). SUSTAINABLE CLEAN WATER SUPPLY MANAGEMENT IN THE SOUTH BALI, INDONESIA. Water Conservation and Management, 8(1), 1 – 10. https://doi.org/10.26480/wcm.01.2024.01.10

Passerini, M. D., Cunha-Santino, M. B., & Bianchini, I. (2016). Oxygen availability and temperature as driving forces for decomposition of aquatic macrophytes. Aquatic Botany, 130, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2015.12.003

Permatananda, P. A. N. K., & Pandit, I. G. S. (2023). Eco-enzyme Aplication Based on Siamese Kintamani Orange (Citrus nobilis) Peels waste for Pemindangan Waste Treatment. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 16(7), 3146 – 3150. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2023.00517

Pertiwi, I. G. A. I. M., Winaya, N. A. P., Andayani, K. W., & Kristinayanti, W. S. (2019). Waste management system on Badung River area in Bali. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 351(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/351/1/012005

Perwira, I. Y., Ulinuha, D., Ulinuha, D., Al Zamzami, I. M., Ahmad, F. H., Kifly, M. T. H., & Wulandari, N. (2020). Environmental factors associated with decomposition of organic materials and nutrients availability in the water and sediment of Setail River, Banyuwangi, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 493(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/493/1/012025

Purnaya, I. G. K., Supartini, N. L., & Semara, I. M. T. (2019). The Development of Eco-Culinary Tourism Park in the Watershed of Badung River to Support Cultural Tourism in Denpasar City; [Pembangunan Taman Wisata Eko-Kuliner di Daerah Aliran Sungai Badung untuk Mendukung Pariwisata Budaya di Kota Denpasar]. Jurnal Kajian Bali, 9(1), 71 – 92. https://doi.org/10.24843/JKB.2019.v09.i01.p04

Rath, S. C., Bhagawati, U., & Goel, A. (2025). Bionanoremediation of wastewater: an innovative and novel approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-13943-5

Rathod, B. G., Venkata Giridhar, P., & Shivshetty, N. (2024). Enzyme extraction from fruits waste. In Adding Value to Fruit Wastes: Extraction, Properties, and Industrial Applications. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13842-3.00007-1

Salam, M., Bo, D., Alam, F., Uddin, I., Hossain, Md. N., Hayat, F., & Ullah, W. (2024). Examining drinking water quality: analysis of physico-chemical properties and bacterial contamination with health implications for Shangla district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 46(6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-01965-w

Salvi, S., Sabale, R., Bobade, S., & Dhawale, A. (2024). Innovative Use of Eco-Enzymes for Domestic Wastewater Purification. Journal of Environmental Nanotechnology, 13(3), 435 – 439. https://doi.org/10.13074/jent.2024.09.242771

Shamim, A., Abdullah, H., Abid, M. Bin, Nayyab, G. E., & Daud, N. K. (2026). Advanced oxidation processes for sustainable wastewater treatment. Journal of Materials Science, 61(8), 4857 – 4893. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-025-12064-1

Shukla, B. K., Teeli, M. A., Shukla, S. K., Chandra, R., Bharti, N., & Singh, U. (2024). A Comprehensive Overview of Vital Water Quality Parameters. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 439, 1 – 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-6762-9_1

Sisri, E. M., & Surtikanti, H. K. (2022). Utilization of Eco Enzyme (EE) for Polluted Pond Water Purification: Development of Mini Research-Based Practical Materials. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2468. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0105100

Soleha, S., Maretha, D. E., & Saputra, A. (2025). Potential of Eco-enzyme Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit as an Innovation in Tempeh Wastewater Treatment in Plaju District, South Sumatra. Journal of Multidisciplinary Applied Natural Science, 5(1), 10 – 17. https://doi.org/10.47352/jmans.2774-3047.224

Song, Y. H., Lee, J. H., & Lee, E. H. (2020). Developing a reliability index of low impact development for urban areas. Water (Switzerland), 12(11), 1 – 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12112961

Subehi, L., Wibowo, H., & Jung, K. (2016). Characteristics of rainfall-discharge and water quality at Limboto Lake, Gorontalo, Indonesia. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 48(3), 288–300. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2016.48.3.4

Suwarno, P., & Nurhayati, N. (2021). Traditional Views and Attitude Toward Waste and Rivers in Indonesia: Challenges of Cleaning Up the Indonesia Polluted Enviroment. E3S Web of Conferences, 317. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202131701002

Tanveer, R., Yasar, A., Nizami, A.-S., & Tabinda, A. B. (2023). Integration of physical and advanced oxidation processes for treatment and reuse of textile dye-bath effluents with minimum area footprint. Journal of Cleaner Production, 383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.135366

Tuhumury, N. C., Tuahatu, J., & Manuputty, G. D. (2024). Effect of Eco-enzyme on Water Quality Parameters in Some Rivers Disembogued at Ambon Bay. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam Dan Lingkungan, 14(4), 824 – 835. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.14.4.824

Varshini, B., & Gayathri, V. (2023). Role of Eco-Enzymes in Sustainable Development. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 22(3), 1299 – 1310. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2023.v22i03.017

Wijaya, I. M. W., Partama, I. G. D. Y., Sumantra, I. K., Ahire, K. D., & Kenedy, F. V. (2025). Nutrient Dynamics and Recovery Potential in the Tukad Badung River, Indonesia. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 24(3). https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2025.v24i03.D1750

Wikaningrum, T., & Anggraina, P. L. (2022). The eco enzyme application to reduce nitrite in wastewater as the sustainability alternative solution in garbage and wastewater problems. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1065(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1065/1/012023

Yani, A., Amin, M., Rohman, F., & Suarsini, E. (2019). Water quality and pollution index of lake tempe in south Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pollution Research, 38(3), 568–574. https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85083831777&partnerID=40&md5=66b39bb7abd7b91f464e371ce8c6433b

Ylla, I., Romaní, A. M., & Sabater, S. (2012). Labile and Recalcitrant Organic Matter Utilization by River Biofilm Under Increasing Water Temperature. Microbial Ecology, 64(3), 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0062-6

Yong, E. L., Halim, K. A., Liong, V. Y. F., Tee, M. L. K., Yong, Z. Y., See, H. H., & Syafiuddin, A. (2022). Improving the water quality of iron-containing ponds using fermented kitchen wastes. Environmental Quality Management, 32(1), 37 – 44. https://doi.org/10.1002/tqem.21821

Yudono, A. R. A., Suntoro, S., Danisworo, C., & Ikhsan, C. (2024). Environmental Degradation Analysis of Former Bengawan Solo River Lake Ecosystem. Indonesian Journal of Geography, 56(3), 418 – 429. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijg.97906

Yustiani, Y. M., Nugroho, F. L., Murtadho, F. Z., & Djayadisastra, A. T. (2023). Use of Eco Enzyme to Reduce the Chemical Oxygen Demand of Synthetic River Water. Journal of Engineering and Technological Sciences, 55(1), 91 – 97. https://doi.org/10.5614/j.eng.technol.sci.2023.55.1.9

Zhang, Y., Qin, W., & Qiao, L. (2024). Characteristics of the vertical variation in water quality indicators of aquatic landscapes in urban parks: A case study of Xinxiang, China. PLoS ONE, 19(12 December). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0314860

Zhu, L., Husny, Z. J. B. M., Samsudin, N. A., Xu, H., & Han, C. (2023). Deep learning method for minimizing water pollution and air pollution in urban environment. Urban Climate, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2023.101486